The Detergents And Disinfectants For Instruments And Surfaces (Hexanios - Surfanios)

0 Loss of aeration of the acini, the smallest unit of which is distal to a terminal bronchiole

Reasons

 pneumonia

 Pulmonary edema

 Aspiration

 Bronchoalveolar cell Ca

 Alveolar proteinosis

 Lymphoma

Frosted Glass Appearance

• It is a CT finding.

• It is an increase in density where anatomical structures are not lost.

• It may be in interstitial or alveolar diseases.

Lungs have the shape of a honeycomb

• It is a CT finding.

• It is a finding of end-stage interstitial fibrosis. Pulmonary destruction occurs.

• There are air cysts with a wall thickness of 2-3 mm and a diameter of 5-10 mm.

Solitary Pulmonary Nodule

• It is a single lung lesion smaller than 3 cm in size, with smooth borders and spherical shape.

• The majority of solitary pulmonary nodules are caused by malignancies (often primary), granulomas (often tbc), and benign tumors (often hamartomas).

Reasons

 Granulomas

 Lung tumor

 Hamartoma

 Hydatid cyst

 Bronchogenic cyst

 Arteriovenous malformation

 Adenoma

 Hematoma

 Metastasis

مقارنة بين خصائص العقيدات الرئوية الحميدة والخبيثة
	Benign pulmonary nodule	Malignant pulmonary nodule
Age	<35	>35
Gender	women more often	More common in men
Symptom	no	There is
Dimension	<2cm	>2 cm
Residential	No special placement	Often the upper lobes
Edge	well limited	Irregular / spiculated / lobulated
Calcification	Power plant, popcorn	very rare, peripheral
Cavitation	Thin wall (< 4mm)	Thick wall (>4 mm)
No size change	pathognomonic	Increases in size

cavity

• They are air-filled lesions with a wall thicker than 3 mm.

• If it is thinner than 3 mm, it is called a cyst.

Reasons

 Tuberculosis (often in the upper lobe)

 pneumonia

 Tumor

Formations that can calcify in the lung

• Trachea, bronchi

• Parenchymal: Tbc, sarcoidosis, Hodgkin lymphoma, silicosis

• lymph nodes

• heart valves

• Thymoma

• Pleural leaves

• Teratoma

• Vascular (coronary arteries, aorta, branches emerging from the aorta, aortic aneurysm)

• Hamartoma (Calcification + adipose tissue)

Atelectasis

Direct X-ray findings of atelectasis; This is due to the decrease in aeration of the colobe section.

• Intensity increase in the segment with volume loss

• Gathering of bronchial-vascular structures

• Displacement in fissures

Indirect X-ray findings of atelectasis; due to volume loss:

• Elevation in the diaphragm in the colobe section

• Displacement of the heart and trachea towards the colobe section

• Decrease in intercostal distances

• Displacement in hiluses

• Increased lucency and lung herniation due to compensatory over-inflated lung tissue

bronchiectasis

Bronchography findings

It shows wall thickening. If it is filled with secretion, it appears white, if it is filled with air, it appears black.

Honeycomb appearance due to peribronchial thickening.

CT findings

Local or uniform bronchial dilatation

Absence of normal bronchial thinning

Bronch monitoring in the peripheral lung

Thickening of the bronchial wall

Macronodular appearance due to mucoid impaction

stone ring view in tubular bronchiectasis (artery white enlarged bronchus appears black)

If there is recurrent infection, hemoptysis, profuse sputum production in the morning, bronchiectasis should be sought.

emphysema

X-ray findings of emphysema

1) Decreased movements in the diaphragm

2) Enlargement of hilar vessels, narrowing of peripheral vessels

3) Enlarged retrosternal space

4) Normally, the size of the heart increases in expiration, decreases in inspiration, this reverses in emphysema. The reason is Air confinement.

5) Increased radiolucency in the lung

CT findings

1) It has lower density compared to normal parenchyma.

2) They have no walls.

3) Displacement of adjacent vascular structures may be obliteration.

4) With HRCT, it can be divided into centrilobular, panlobular, and paraseptal.