Chromosomal diseases • One of the important findings in the retina in chromosomal diseases is coloboma. • At the 4-week fetal stage in the e...

Eye Pain Pain in the eyeball can occur with inflammation of the conjunctiva, cornea, sclera, iris, and eye muscles.  Blunt pains coming fro...

Diplopia (double vision) (a) Binocular  Ocular muscle paralysis  Orbital diseases (thyroid orbitopathy, orbital pseudotumor, orbital tumor...

Visual field losses (scotomas)  Glaucoma  Vascular lesions in the visual pathways  Space-occupying lesions  Retinal detachment  Vitreou...

Floaters (Muche Volante, floaters): Retinal tear should be sought in cases such as concomitant flashing of light (photopsy), acute onset, ac...

Temporary vision loss Vision returns within 24 hours at the latest. It usually resolves within the first hour.  At the level of seconds ...

The term optic neuropathy is used for all conditions affecting the optic nerve. 1. Inflammatory (demyelinating, infectious, autoimmune) 2. I...

Papilledema is defined as swelling of the optic nerve head due to increased intracranial pressure. In patients with papilledema, an intracra...

Optic Atrophy Primary optic atrophy: • It is optic atrophy that develops without swelling of the optic nerve head. • It develops in lesions ...

Classification in Glaucoma Open Angle Glaucoma 1. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) • It is the most common glaucoma. • It is a disease of ...

 0 Normal intraocular pressure is 11-21 mmHg by tonometry. 0 Intraocular pressure tends to increase with age. 0 Humor aqueous is important i...

• It is the most common malignant intraocular tumor of childhood. • It is more common in the first two years. 30% is bilateral, 20% is autos...

It is the separation of the sensory retina from the retinal pigment epithelium due to subretinal fluid. There are two main types: Rhegmatoge...

Retinitis pigmentosa It is the most common retinal dystrophy. Melanin deposits (bone spicule) occur around retinal vessels. Progressive prog...

Toxoplasmosis Caused by T. gondii Causes neuroretinitis Chorioretinitis, intracranial There are calcifications, convulsions and hydrocephalu...

Applied anatomy The macula is an oval area about 5 mm in diameter located at the posterior pole. Within the macula, points of clinical impor...

Central Retinal Artery Occlusion  It causes sudden, painless and complete loss of vision in elderly patients.  The most common causes are ...

The retina consists of stratified nervous tissue and a single layer of pigment epithelial tissue. The nerve layer is called the sensory reti...

The uvea consists of 3 elements: 1- Iris 2- Ciliary body 3- Choroid Inflammation of the iris and ciliary body is called iridocyclitis (anter...

Eye Complication Aspects of Corticosteroid Use 0 Anterior and posterior subcapsular cataracts 0 Bacterial and fungal infections 0 Glaucoma L...