0 X-ray rays were first discovered by the German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in 1885.
0 Radiology literally means the science of radiation.
0 Radiological examinations are divided into conventional and non-conventional.
1) Conventional Methods
Plain x-rays, IVP, barium studies, myelography, fistilography
2) Unconventional Methods
USG, CT, MRI and digital radiography
Methods Using X-Ray (X-Ray)
Radiography (plain radiographs)
• The x-ray beam passing through the patient creates an image by falling on an x-ray film or digital panel.
fluoroscopy
• The patient is between the x-ray beam and the fluorescent screen.
• Direct observation (for example, diaphragmatic paralysis or observing diaphragmatic movements in eventration)
• Barium esophagus, stomach and colon radiographs are included in this class.
xeroradiography
• The most basic area of use is mammography.
• The x-ray beam is not directed onto an x-ray film but onto a selenium-coated aluminum plate.
Computed Tomography CT
0 Since the image is obtained as a cross-section, it is freed from organ superpositions.
0 Collimated (constrained-directed) X-ray is used in the method.
0 Today, it has become possible to scan the whole body rapidly and to perform non-invasive angiography (such as coronary or pulmonary angiography CT) with multislice CT devices (MDCT).
0 It is useful in the evaluation of intra-abdominal solid organs, lung, head and neck pathologies.
0 It is not the primary imaging method in the evaluation of intestinal pathologies.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging MRI
0 All MRI devices in clinical use generate images with incoming signals by stimulating and resonating hydrogen protons in the body with non-ionizing radiofrequency waves.
0 X-ray is not used in the method.
0 It is an imaging method used especially to examine soft tissues.
0 It is the imaging method with the highest soft tissue separation feature.
0 Bone structures, air containing areas and calcification cannot be evaluated well.
Ultrasonography
• It creates an image with the reflection of a part of high-frequency sound waves as they pass through different surfaces.
• In the Doppler USG method, the current can be examined by using the frequency change of the moving structure. Diagnoses such as vessel stenosis, occlusions, thrombi, venous insufficiency, deep vein thrombus, ovarian and testicular torsion can be made with Doppler method.
• Since sound energy needs a medium to move forward, the method is extremely useful in examining soft tissue and visceral organs.
• It is very useful in distinguishing solid-cystic lesion.
• Ultrasonography is not preferred in imaging tissues containing air, such as bone structures and lungs, due to the inability of sound to progress.
• It is used as ultrasonographic contrast agents to show the vascular bed and tumor blood supply.
Digital Radiography
0 A digital roentgenogram is created by computer processing the X-ray that passes through the patient.
0 The most important area of use is angiography.
