Horner's Syndrome
0 It occurs as a result of incision of sympathetic fibers.
Central - between hypothalamus-C8- T2
Peripheral sympathetic nervous system (cervical sympathetic chain, supcervical ganglion, along the carotid artery).
It is characterized by miosis, ptosis, anhidrosis, enophthalmos.
There are 2 muscles that lift the eyelid.
1. M. Levator Palpebralis → N. oculomotorius
2. Müller muscle (Sup. Tarsal Muscle) → Sympathetic fibers
0 Horner syndrome is seen in 63% of patients due to a central (first neuron) lesion.
0 The most common central pathology is the development of brain stem infarction.
0 Cerebral hemorrhage and infarct development take the second place.
0 Horner's syndrome may be seen in the superior cervical ganglion damage (pancoast tumor, trauma, neck dissection, etc.) since the sympathetic fibers going to the face will be affected.
0 When considering a lung pancoast tumor, the first thing to be requested is a chest X-ray.
0 Loss of sweating (anhidrosis).
o Centralized in the whole body half,
o If it is between the spinal cord of the medulla and the superior cervical ganglion, on the face and neck on that side,
o If it is above the superior cervical ganglia, only on the forehead
0 If Horner's syndrome is seen together with cluster headaches, it is called paratrigeminal syndrome.
Perinaud's Syndrome
0 There is upward gaze paralysis, eyelid retraction, anisocoria, nystagmus on upward gaze.
0 Occurs in pineal gland tumors
Foster-Kennedy Syndrome
0 Olfactory groove meningiomas may affect the olfactory bulb and tract and may travel posteriorly to involve the optic nerve and cause optic atrophy. If this condition is accompanied by papilledema in the contralateral eye, it is called Foster-Kennedy syndrome.
0 Optic atrophy + contralateral papilledema