Economic
. Poverty
. Lack of health insurance
. unemployment
. Poor prenatal care
. being unmarried
. Inadequate health care
. Short interval between pregnancies
. Lack of prenatal care
. lack of social support
. Smoking, alcohol, substance abuse
. Stress (physical, psychological)
. less than 20 years old, over 40 years old
. to be black
. malnutrition
. Inbreeding (autosomal recessive?)
. Low weight for height
. Intergenerational interaction
. Insufficient weight gain during pregnancy
. Low birth weight of the mother
. Short hieght
. Hereditary diseases (hereditary metabolic diseases)
. Preeclampsia or eclampsia
. history of infertility
. Uterine bleeding (abruptio placenta, placenta previa)
. Conceiving with assisted reproductive techniques
. Parity (O or > 5)
. prolonged pregnancy act
. Uterine or cervical anomalies
. prolonged birth
. fetal disease
. Cerebral palsy, mental retardation, birth trauma, congenital anomaly in the previous baby
. idiopathic premature birth
. abnormal fetal growth
. iatrogenic prematurity
. breech presentation
. Low or high maternal serum a - fetoprotein level
. multiple pregnancies
. premature rupture of membranes
. Infections (systemic, amniotic, extra - amniotic, cervical)
. TORCH infection
. Hypertension
. Accompanied by surgery or trauma
. Congenital heart disease
. sexually transmitted disease
. autoimmune disease
. susceptibility to maternal thrombosis
. sickle cell anemia
. drug exposure
. Lack of health insurance
. unemployment
. Poor prenatal care
Cultural - Behavioral
. Insufficient education level. being unmarried
. Inadequate health care
. Short interval between pregnancies
. Lack of prenatal care
. lack of social support
. Smoking, alcohol, substance abuse
. Stress (physical, psychological)
. less than 20 years old, over 40 years old
. to be black
Biological - Genetic
. Prior history of delivering a low birth weight or preterm baby. malnutrition
. Inbreeding (autosomal recessive?)
. Low weight for height
. Intergenerational interaction
. Insufficient weight gain during pregnancy
. Low birth weight of the mother
. Short hieght
. Hereditary diseases (hereditary metabolic diseases)
Reproductive
. previous cesarean section history. Preeclampsia or eclampsia
. history of infertility
. Uterine bleeding (abruptio placenta, placenta previa)
. Conceiving with assisted reproductive techniques
. Parity (O or > 5)
. prolonged pregnancy act
. Uterine or cervical anomalies
. prolonged birth
. fetal disease
. Cerebral palsy, mental retardation, birth trauma, congenital anomaly in the previous baby
. idiopathic premature birth
. abnormal fetal growth
. iatrogenic prematurity
. breech presentation
. Low or high maternal serum a - fetoprotein level
. multiple pregnancies
. premature rupture of membranes
. Infections (systemic, amniotic, extra - amniotic, cervical)
Medical
. diabetes mellitus. TORCH infection
. Hypertension
. Accompanied by surgery or trauma
. Congenital heart disease
. sexually transmitted disease
. autoimmune disease
. susceptibility to maternal thrombosis
. sickle cell anemia
. drug exposure