direct graphs
It is the first test to be used in the diagnosis of fracture.
It is the first radiological method to be applied in the evaluation of skeletal system pathologies.
Custom graphics
town
The hair is pulled from the forehead at an angle of 17° by radiating towards the feet.
The occipital bone, foramen magnum, petrous apex are well seen.
waters
It is drawn to see the sinuses. The mouth is pulled open so that the teeth are not obstructed to view the sphenoid sinus.
Caldwell
The forehead rests on the tape, the mouth is pulled closed. In particular, the frontal bone and orbital contours are well seen.
Schuller
It is used to show mastoid ventilation.
Stevens
The internal acoustic canal is withdrawn for imaging.
Ultrasonography
Its use in the musculoskeletal system is limited.
Used for Baker's cyst in the popliteal fossa.
It is used in the early diagnosis of congenital hip dislocation in the first 6 months.
The joint space can be used to evaluate the amount of fluid increase.
It is useful in the presence of mass such as abscess, hematoma, neoplasia in the muscles.
angiography
• Its use in the musculoskeletal system is limited.
• It can be used to assess the arterial supply of neoplastic masses, to determine the extent of vascular invasion, and to embolize.
Computed Tomography
• It is preferred in the investigation of calcification-ossification contents and in the examination of bone tumors.
• It is the best imaging method for imaging bone fractures.
Bone Mineral Density Measurement
• In order for the decrease in bone mineral density to be reflected directly on the radiograph, the bone mineral content must decrease by 25-30%.
• For early diagnosis, methods such as single photon absorptiometry (SPA), dual photon absorptiometry (DPA), single energy X-ray absorptiometry (SXA), dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and quantitative computed tomography (KBT) are used.
• It is possible to evaluate trabecular bone and cortical bone separately with quantitative computed tomography. It is the most sensitive method showing bone mineral density; but X-ray exposure is high.
• DEXA (Dual photon X-ray absorptiometry) is the most commonly used bone density measurement method.
• The standard deviation of the result obtained according to the mean bone mineral density of the young adult period is called the T-score.
• The standard deviation of the case according to the age group it is in is interpreted as Z-score. In practice, more T-scores are used:
T-score > -1: Normal
-2.5 < T score < -1: Osteopenia
T score <-2.5: Osteoporosis
T-Score <-2.5 and threshold fracture: Severe osteoporosis
magnetic resonance imaging
• It is the best method for showing the joint spaces, soft tissues around the joint, bone marrow and muscles.
• It shows the spread of bone tumors in the bone marrow and surrounding soft tissue better than CT.
• It is the best examination in the evaluation of structures such as tendons, ligaments, meniscus and bursa.